Suponga que a su auto se le ha quemado la junta de la tapa y la hace cambiar en un taller, y sin embargo, al poco tiempo se vuelve a dañar porque se quema nuevamente la junta que ha sido reparada. ¿Por qué? ¿Es que las juntas de reparación no tienen la misma calidad que las originales?
Las razones pueden ser varias, pero muy probablemente la primera que he planteado no sea la responsable. Primero deberíamos comprender perfectamente el propósito de colocar una junta entre el block y la tapa de cilindros. Este motivo es porque ambas superficies de las dos mitades del motor, una vez puestas en contacto, nunca podrían quedar selladas perfectamente si no hubiera un elemento que se interponga: la junta apropiada.
La junta, entonces, debe sellar todas las aberturas en contacto por donde pasa el agua de la refrigeración, el aceite lubricante, y sobre todo CERRAR LA COMPRESIÓN de los cilindros. Para ello, la junta trae unas líneas sobresalientes, de colores, que al ser apretada la tapa, se aplastan y sellan toda pérdida o fuga, y vuelven estancos todos los conductos y la parte superior de los cilindros del motor.
Hasta aquí, todo bien. Pero hay un elemento importante que se debe tener en cuenta: la dilatación. Por lo general, hoy todos los motores traen un block de hierro y una tapa de aluminio, o sea, dos metales de distinta disipación de calor, de distinta composición molecular y por lo tanto de distinto coeficiente de dilatación.
Esto significa que cuando el motor está frío y el mecánico aprieta los tornillos de la tapa, la junta se aplasta y como los metales están fríos, sella perfectamente. Pero cuando el motor funciona y toma temperatura, el hierro del block disipa menos (se enfría menos) que la tapa de aluminio (disipa y se enfría más) lo que produce una ligera diferencia en las longitudes de ambas piezas, que cuando frías, coincidían.
Esto lleva a que si los tornillos no están apretados en la secuencia apropiada y con el torque correcto, la tapa se deslizará sobre el block, arrastrando a la junta, ida y vuelta, cada vez que se calienta y se enfría el motor. Esto rápidamente terminará con las superficies de sellado por causa de la abrasión del desplazamiento y la junta irá perdiendo gradualmente su capacidad de sellado.
Cuando esto suceda, posiblemente la compresión de los cilindros pasará al agua, o al aceite, o tal vez el agua pasará al aceite, o viceversa, la cuestión es que todo termina en un desastre, cuya única solución es volver a abrir el motor y volver a cambiar la junta, con el agregado de que posiblemente haya que cepillar (rectificar) la tapa de cilindros para volver a hacer un plano, ya que la temperatura y el mal apriete de los tornillos, hace que la tapa se doble.
Entonces, la razón fundamental de este drama es que no se han apretado correctamente los tornillos de la tapa. Esto puede pasar por muchas razones, que a veces los mecánicos no se dan cuenta o no le dan importancia porque los viejos motores no requerían de estos refinamientos.
La forma correcta se explica en el curso de Mecánica y no son muchos los mecánicos que la practican como se indica en el manual de la junta. El resultado, es la tapa mal apretada y que a los pocos meses se deba volver a abrir el motor porque “falló la junta”, siendo que si los tornillos hubieran estado apretados correctamente, la junta no se hubiera movido y no se hubiera roto.
En otro artículo posterior indicaré algunos detalles importantes del apriete de los tornillos y de lo que significa el torque y el apriete angular, ya que por falta de espacio, en este caso no me es posible continuar.
Si te ha interesado el artículo puedes compartirlo libremente en tu Face o bien, comparte el enlace al blog: www.cursosalpha.com a tus amigos y “adictos” a los temas técnicos.
www.cursosalpha.com – www.alphanqn.com.ar – www.cursostecnicoscad.com.ar
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Muy buena explicación…
Buen día, tengo una Peugeot Partner 1,4 nafta 2015 y por tercera vez en menos de dos años quemé la junta de la tapa de cilindros, no encuentro explicación. En cada oportunidad se rectificó la tapa y se cambiaron los tornillos.
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