Cuando pedaleamos en bicicleta, pisamos fuerte el pedal cuando se halla arriba, porque si esperamos que baje estamos perdiendo tiempo y potencia. Lo mismo sucede en el tiempo de explosión: buscamos hacer la máxima fuerza de empuje cuando el pistón está arriba, en el PMS (Punto Muerto Superior) para aprovechar al máximo el poder de los gases encendidos.
Para ello, debemos saber exactamente cuando cada pistón se encuentra en el PMS y para eso tenemos en los circuitos modernos un Sensor de PMS que se lo informa a la computadora de inyección EDC. En ese preciso momento, es que se debe ejercer la mayor presión, no antes ni después.
En el momento de la explosión, se abre el inyector y envía gasoil pulverizado finamente a la Cámara de Combustión, donde se encenderá al tomar contacto con el aire comprimido por el pistón, que se encuentra a unos 800 grados de temperatura. Pero, aunque este proceso de encendido es casi instantáneo, en los motores modernos los pistones se mueven a alta velocidad, por lo que para el motor, el tiempo que tarda el combustible en encenderse y aplicar todo su empuje, tiene cierta demora.
El combustible se enciende rápidamente pero esta demora infinitésima puede significar que el pistón ya se encuentre bajando algunos milímetros ya que es arrastrado por el cigüeñal, y eso implique una pérdida de tiempo y por lo tanto, de potencia.
Entonces, se busca que el combustible se inyecte milésimas de segundo antes de que el pistón alcance el PMS, a fin de que tenga el tiempo necesario de expandirse y empujar al pistón JUSTO EN EL MOMENTO en el que éste está detenido en el PMS y por comenzar a descender.
Claro que si bien el tiempo que demora el combustible en encenderse es generalmente casi constante, no siempre el motor tiene la misma velocidad de giro y por tanto, no siempre el pistón demora lo mismo en descender o en llegar al PMS. El avance, entonces, lo que busca es igualar estos dos tiempos, el de máxima presión por la explosión y el tiempo de llegada del pistón al PMS.
Esto daría el máximo de eficiencia y rendimiento mecánico cuando hay coincidencia.
Cuando aceleramos, pretendemos que el motor gire más rápidamente, y entonces el pistón deberá subir y bajar en menos tiempo, aunque en ese momento el combustible demora más en quemarse. ¿Por qué? Porque al subir el pistón más rápidamente, comprime más al aire dentro del cilindro y esto hace que la combustión sea más dificultada y se demore un poco más.
O sea, que el pistón se acelera y el encendido se demora. Esto produce una falta de sincronización y por lo tanto, menor potencia, siendo que necesito mayor potencia para acelerar. Es un contrasentido y el motor no podría acelerar si no consigo que el combustible se queme antes. Esto lo conseguiré inyectando ANTES el combustible (avance) para que cuando el pistón se detenga por un instante en el PMS, el combustible haya tenido tiempo de quemarse y empujar con la máxima potencia.
Por eso, cuando quiero acelerar, la inyección debe adelantarse y eso se llama Avance de la Inyección. Más quiero acelerar, más debo adelantar la inyección, o sea, mayor avance, porque el pistón cada vez se mueve más rápidamente.
Al arrancar, por ejemplo, debo hacer lo contrario. El pistón se mueve lentamente llevado por el motor de arranque y entonces hay que esperarlo y demorar la inyección, o sea, atrasar el avance. De ese modo, al motor le costará menos arrancar; una vez que arrancó, se corrige el avance automáticamente. Cuando se acelere, el avance se adelantará. Cuando se decelere, el avance deberá retroceder. No deja de tener lógica ¿Verdad?
En realidad, en los motores viejos, este sistema de avance de inyección lo realizaba la bomba inyectora automáticamente en base a que aumentaba la presión del gasoil y esto movía un pistón dentro de la bomba, que vencía a un resorte y modificaba el avance. En los motores electrónicos, la EDC es la que gestiona este avance y lo hace electrónicamente controlado por un circuito integrado inteligente, que en función de los datos que recibe de los sensores, estima el punto ideal de avance para que el motor tenga su máximo rendimiento y velocidad.
Por eso es que se logró montar un motor diesel sobre un Fórmula 1, con buenos resultados, gracias a la electrónica, que gestiona el grado del avance al punto óptimo necesario.
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Muy buena explicación
Hola, me entregaron un Citroen Berlingo diesel con la bomba de inyección supuestamente reparada. Pero el avance tiene los cables desconectados. Me dicen que está bien así pero no arranca en caliente. Que hago? Gracias.
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Magnifica la explicacion, solo falta explicar el motivo de el porque del avance , que es debido a que el tiempo de combustion es siempre el mismo y la variante es la diferente velocidad de : los pistones, bielas, cigueñal, etc.
Como soy un enamorado de la mecanica me falta informacion sobre como ajustar bien la VE de Bosch sin laboratorio,(soy aficionado y del 44)🙂
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No data is on the market on the connection of
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Creatine is certainly one of the most well-known performance help options.
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Here’s a quick overview of which supplements could additionally be nice to make use of in small
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