Debido a las Reglamentaciones sobre Anticontaminantes, las Normas EURO 6 establecen que desde fábrica, los motores de camiones deben llevar incorporado un sistema de máxima eficiencia en el escape a fin de reducir las emisiones de Óxidos de Nitrógeno, generados por la temperatura mayor a los 1.000 grados que se produce en la combustión diesel.
AdBlue es la marca registrada del producto urea AUS32 (disolución de urea al 32.5%), mediante un proceso denominado reducción catalítica selectiva (RCA). Se llama reducción al proceso inverso a la oxidación, es decir, si en la oxidación se adiciona Oxígeno al Nitrógeno, en la reducción se le quita y de esa forma el Nitrógeno vuelve a la atmósfera en su forma natural.
De ese modo es respirado por los seres vivos sin que produzca efectos secundarios, como cuando respiramos normalmente el aire limpio que contiene gas Nitrógeno pero así como lo inhalamos, lo exhalamos y ni nos damos cuenta, porque en su forma pura, el Nitrógeno es inerte.
AUS32 significa Aqueous Urea Solution en inglés, y se trata de una disolución de Urea de alta pureza en agua desmineralizada. Es un producto claro, no es tóxico y es seguro de manipular. En cambio puede resultar corrosivo para algunos metales, y deben utilizarse los materiales adecuados para su transporte y almacenamiento. AdBlue es una marca registrada de la Asociación Alemana de la Industria del Automóvil, para cumplir con las normas anticontaminantes reguladas por la norma ISO 22241.
El AdBlue debe ir almacenado en su depósito provisto a tal efecto en el vehículo (generalmente al costado del tanque de gasoil) y se consume a razón de un promedio de un 4% de lo consumido en combustible.
En EEUU le llaman DEF (Diesel Exhaust Fluid), fluido del escape diesel; en Argentina no sabemos si llegará a imponerse dado que como estamos muy atrasados al respecto, es muy posible que para la fecha en que sea exigible, ya hayan sido descubiertos otros procedimientos que no obliguen a las estaciones de servicio a proveer de este producto, dado que ello implica imponer una gran infraestructura nacional, que por supuesto no es de bajo costo.
En la actualidad, existen las llamadas “Trampas De NOx” para el tratamiento del Óxido de Nitrógeno, que son muy discutidas pero, “es lo que hay” disponible, para evitar el uso del AdBlue. En los vehículos a nafta, estos compuestos de Nitrógeno son mayormente eliminados en el catalizador, dado que los escapes de los motores nafteros no poseen oxígeno libre tal como sucede en los motores diesel, en los que el problema de eliminación del NOx (óxido de Nitrógeno) se agudiza.
En el motor diesel, a fin de evitar que la temperatura de la combustión supere los 1.000 grados centígrados, se viene disponiendo una válvula llamada EGR cuyo comportamiento se analiza en otro artículo. Esta válvula tiene sólo la misión de impedir el exceso de temperatura en la combustión, pero no es la solución definitiva para el NOx.
La trampa De Nox es simplemente una malla donde quedan retenidas las moléculas de Nox y cuando esta trampa se llena, es necesario “quemar” su contenido para que el motor vuelva a su trabajo normal. Para ello, se mide la presión a la entrada y a la salida del escape, de forma que cuando esta diferencia es alta, significa que la trampa se está tapando y entonces, la EDC del motor inyecta cierta cantidad de combustible en exceso, que al no ser quemado en el motor, llega al escape y se enciende por la temperatura del mismo, quemando el Nox.
Esto, cuando se realiza en ruta, es un proceso que suele realizarse por completo, en ciclos programados, pero en ciudad, las distancias cortas no lo permiten y al quedar parcialmente eliminado el Nox, traerá problemas más tarde por taponamiento del sistema de escape, dado que el proceso de eliminación queda a medio camino.
Esto nos indica que tenemos tres opciones en los motores diesel: a) motores con AdBlue. B) motores sin AdBlue, pero con Trampas De Nox. C) Motores de Mazda, llamados Skyactiv, de reciente producción.
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Your physician might suggest you could have a steroid injection to treat inflammation in your joints,
or other inflammatory circumstances similar to rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, dangerous allergies, and bronchial asthma.
There are different varieties of corticosteroids,
together with prednisone, methylprednisolone, and cortisone.
Some athletes use them not for medical causes but as a
approach to increase athletic performance and construct muscle
and body mass. Corticosteroids are highly effective anti-inflammatory drugs that mimic
our naturally occurring hormone cortisol. These medication are out
there in oral, topical, and injectable forms, and have advantages for all
kinds of well being situations.
It can be worth noting that injecting at the mistaken location can end result in paralysis or demise.
Thus, although it could presumably be argued that
injectable steroids are safer in regard to having decreased hepatotoxicity, administering them is potentially lethal to the inexperienced.
Furthermore, needle contamination is an extra danger; thus, users must be wary of hygiene and the sharing of needles.
One examine discovered that 37.5% of «steroids» on the black market contained
completely different substances from what was listed on the label (10).
In older males (~70 yrs), 12 weeks of creatine supplementation throughout resistance coaching had no impact (compared to placebo)
on fats mass [94]. Moreover, Gualano et al. assessed the effects of creatine supplementation (24 weeks), with and without resistance coaching, in older females.
Candow et al. [96] examined the consequences of
creatine supplementation in older adults (50-71 years) over a
32-week therapy interval. Examine individuals had
been randomized to complement with creatine or placebo
before or after resistance training (3 days per week).
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)—the bad—cholesterol ranges improve,
and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)—the good—cholesterol ranges decrease.
Extreme cardiovascular complications, including high blood pressure,heart attack, and blood clots, are reported with the utilization of anabolic steroids.
Anabolic steroids are drugs that resemble the chemical structure of the sex hormone testosterone, which is made naturally by the physique.
Testosterone directs the body to make or enhance male traits,
such as elevated muscle mass, facial hair progress, and deepening
of the voice, and is a crucial part of male growth during puberty.
Incorporate AIs into your cycle in case you are using steroids acne Prevention (http://genome-tech.ucsd.edu/) vulnerable to aromatization, such as Testosterone or
Dianabol. At All Times seek the assistance of with a medical
professional to determine the appropriate type and dosage
of AIs in your particular needs. It’s essential to speak along with your physician about any health
concerns you could have before you begin using
steroids. Timing of steroid use may increase the risk
of experiencing full cardiac arrest. For example,
when folks attribute early warning signs of a coronary heart
assault to their exercise, they could not get help quickly and develop extra severe complications.
Furthermore, contemplating that most of the customers are younger sportsman and that
virtually all of those medicine are easily obtained on-line, AAS abuse is a considerable public well being issue [3].
In this regard, kidney tissues are characterized by the expression of ARs.
Most of steroidal herbs are aphrodisiacal herbs, which also enhance sexual vitality and stamina.
These herbs will compliment a exercise regimen and are a lot safer than artificial steroid use.
For longer-term prescriptions, doctors might taper down dosages progressively
to get them as little as attainable with out the return of symptoms.
Curiously enough, prednisone raises white blood cell counts
on lab checks, Dr. Hu reviews.
There are a quantity of various sorts of steroids, each with its own set of results and risks.
Corticosteroids, as mentioned earlier, are used for
his or her anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties.
Anabolic steroids, on the opposite hand, are used to promote muscle
progress and improve athletic performance. Different forms of steroids
include estrogen and progesterone, which are used in hormone substitute therapy, and corticosteroid lotions, that are used to treat skin situations.
In addition to their medical uses, steroids are additionally used
by athletes and bodybuilders to enhance efficiency and build muscle.
Anabolic steroids, which are artificial variations of
the male sex hormone testosterone, are essentially the most generally abused sort of
steroid for this purpose.
The aim of the proposed evaluate is to spotlight the cutting-edge regarding the mechanisms of action of AASs
and the adverse effects related to AAS use/abuse.
One might counsel that eight weeks or much less of creatine supplementation is insufficient to reach at a definitive conclusion relating to creatine’s effect
on fat mass. Nonetheless, there are a number of investigations that have used much longer therapy periods.
For example, wholesome resistance-trained males have been randomly assigned in a double-blind style to complement with
creatine (i.e., 20 g/day for 1 week adopted by 5 g/day for 11 weeks) or placebo [93].
Lean physique mass and muscle fiber dimension elevated; % body fat and fats mass had been unaffected over the 12-week training interval [93].
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