¿SABES LO QUE ES UN REED-SWITCH?

Muy probablemente lo uses a menudo, pero no sabes que está allí cumpliendo su función. Es un componente prácticamente eterno, pero muy delicado, por lo que es casi seguro que no lo descubrirás a simple vista. “Reed” significa “lengüeta” y “switch”, interruptor; o sea, interruptor de lengüeta.

Se trata de un par de contactos conectados a dos terminales externos y encapsulado en un tubo pequeño de vidrio, en el que se ha colocado nitrógeno para que no contenga aire cuyo oxígeno destruiría rápidamente los contactos. Cada vez que pasas por debajo de un marco de puerta que posee interruptores magnéticos de alarma, puedes saludarlo, porque está incorporado dentro del sensor de apertura que se encuentra en el marco.

En la puerta, observarás un elemento similar, pero a diferencia del anterior, éste no tiene cables y es magnético porque contiene una barrita cerámica imantada. Cuando la puerta está cerrada, el imán afecta con su campo al reed-switch y las láminas del mismo se pegan, cerrando el circuito de esa zona protegida de la alarma. Cuando abres la puerta, el imán se aleja y los contactos se abren; si la alarma está montada, esta interrupción será notada por el integrado de la central y sonará la sirena.

No seas tan ingenuo de creer que cerrando nuevamente la puerta, la sirena dejará de sonar; está programada para que aunque coloques un imán nuevamente, una vez disparada, ya no se apagará hasta que se la apague correctamente.

Otra ingenuidad sería colocar un puente con cocodrilos en los extremos del cable, puenteando el sensor para asegurarse que aunque abrieras la puerta, quedará cerrado el circuito eléctrico y la central no se dará cuenta. En el elemento sensor de la puerta existe un resistor incorporado de un valor determinado y al hacer un puente, la central detectará que la resistencia ha bajado debido al puente directo y sonará la alarma igualmente.

En resumen, entonces, un reed-switch es un contacto normalmente abierto, NA, actuado a cerrarse por el campo de un imán o de una bobina, cumpliendo la función de un relay de baja corriente de contactos, pero cuyos “platinos” no se chispearán ni se gastarán con el tiempo, por lo que resultan altamente confiables. Se calcula que resisten hasta 1.000.000 de contactos.

Los reed-swiches son muy utilizados en la industria, en el hogar, en muchos electrodomésticos ya que actúan por presencia de un campo magnético. Los más comunes, poseen solamente dos contactos, pero existen de tres contactos que en ese caso actuarán como un relay inversor: cuando hay campo, el contacto central toca uno de los contactos, cuando se aleja el campo, la lengüeta central se suelta de este contacto NA y toca al otro, el normalmente cerrado NC.

Existen de varios tamaños, muy diminutos y otros de mayor dimensión y corriente, pero siempre se utilizarán como elementos de señal y no de potencia; sin embargo, pueden aplicarse a comunicar corriente a la bobina de un relay de mayor tamaño, constituyendo entonces un circuito de acción por presencia de campo magnético.

El relay de mayor tamaño entonces, se encargará de la corriente de potencia, pero todo el sistema actuará por presencia o ausencia de campo magnético.

Si en algún momento debieras manipular este componente y tienes que doblar sus terminales, no cometas el error de hacerso sin sujetar el extremo que va contra la cápsula de vidrio con una pinza de puntas, ya que la sola presión sobre el terminal para doblarlo, hará que se rompa la cápsula.

Hay infinidad de aplicaciones de este “mini-relay” y sólo depende de tu imaginación las posibilidades de uso. Una aplicación desconcertante para el que no conoce el truco es disimular el reed bajo alguna delgada capa de cartón o material rígido no magnético, y luego, el sistema actuará cuando dejes un pequeño imán en el punto exacto bajo el cual se ubica el reed, dejando de trabajar cuando te llevas el imán.

Si quieres hacer un sistema que nadie conozca cómo operarlo puedes utilizar este truco, y con sólo correr el imán de lugar, se cerrará una puerta que nadie podrá abrir al no conocer el punto exacto donde debe ubicarse el imán, y nunca se imaginará que el imán, que puede ser de ésos que se pegan de adorno en las puertas de las heladeras, es el que permite que algo funcione o no.

Muchos años atrás, con un reed y un relay, yo cortaba la corriente de bobina del auto y al llevarme el imán, o pegarlo en otra parte, hacía que fuera imposible darle arranque aún con la llave correcta. Un antirrobo muy eficaz y barato.

Otra forma es interrumpiendo la corriente de la llave de contacto que alimenta la bobina y enviando el terminal positivo de bobina a masa; aún cuando alguien quiera hacer un puente directo desde la batería a la bobina, saltarán chispas, pero nunca arrancará el motor.

Espero que te haya resultado interesante el tema y que emplees tu imaginación para “codificar” los elementos que no quieres que otros usen cuando no estás presente.

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19 comentarios sobre «¿SABES LO QUE ES UN REED-SWITCH?»

  1. I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article.

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