Electrónica del Automóvil 

HACIENDO LA INSTALACIÓN ELÉCTRICA PARA UN TRAILER

Publicado por: Emilio Gallardo, Director. 23 comentarios , , ,

Hacer una instalación eléctrica adicional para un trailer o un carrito al vehículo era muy sencillo cuando se trataba de un Falcon, un Renault 12, y autos de esa época. Esto era así porque sus cables eran suficientemente gruesos como para soportar el agregado de luces adicionales, lo que no era un gran problema para cualquier electricista ni para un aficionado  con cierta experiencia.

 

Pero, al igual que todos los rubros de la técnica, el automóvil fue cambiando y hoy, las fábricas colocan mazos de 50 u 80 cables en los autos, lo que no podría ser posible si se mantuvieran las secciones de cable que se utilizaban antes. Esto obliga a los diseñadores a calcular exactamente el consumo de cada sector eléctrico y fijar conexiones con conductores que cumplen justo con la corriente necesaria para la instalación, como por ejemplo las luces traseras (no más de dos lámparas).

 

Si queremos hacer la instalación para el trailer tomando corriente de los faroles traseros, conectando en paralelo las nuevas lámparas, excederemos el consumo y no sólo existe el riego de que salten los fusibles de la instalación del auto, sino que ya tengo noticias de varios casos en que se ha quemado la instalación, algunos de ellos, graves.

 

En los modelos más modernos, incluso, las lámparas son del tipo LED (Diodo Emisor de Luz) que tienen mayor brillo y duración que las comunes, pero aún menor consumo, por lo que los conductores son más delgados en sección todavía, así como los fusibles de la instalación.

 

En el caso de las luces de freno, no hay que olvidar que una parte del circuito es el switch de freno que está instalado en el pedal, y justo allí abajo también está el potenciómetro del acelerador, por lo que en el mismo mazo eléctrico se encuentran cables de la instalación y cables del circuito de inyección electrónica, lo que resulta muy delicado si se altera.

 

Esto nos dice (ya ha sucedido) que si se recalientan los cables del circuito de freno, se verá afectado el del potenciómetro y ÉSTE VA CONECTADO DIRECTAMENTE A LA COMPUTADORA DE INYECCIÓN, por lo que el peligro es evidente. Y ni hablar del problema si sufre daños la ECU de inyección. Y los gastos de reposición… mejor dejémoslo allí, porque pone los cabellos de punta.

 

Por lo tanto, la solución está en colocar en paralelo con las lámparas de cada circuito (posición y patente, freno, giros, baliza, marcha atrás) solamente la bobina de un relay, o sea, el terminal 85 y el 86 del relay, que actúan sobre la bobina.

 

Al accionar una luz el conductor, la lámpara correspondiente enviará una señal a la bobina con un consumo de unos 150 miliamperes (casi no detectable), el relay se activará y sus contactos principales, tomando corriente directamente de los bornes de batería, encenderán las luces correspondientes del trailer.

 

Para ello, deberemos tomar con un cable recubierto del tipo TPR (dos conductores por 2 y medio amperes) desde la batería en forma directa, colocando en el positivo un fusible aéreo de 10A y lo enviaremos a la parte trasera del vehículo, para alimentar exclusivamente el trailer con el (+) y el (-) de batería sin interferir en la instalación del auto.

 

Esto es importante porque cualquier falla en la parte eléctrica no será relacionada con la instalación adicional que hemos colocado, y además, si el auto sufre un incendio por choque, que no salte después que se ha incendidado por culpa de “nuestra” instalación, lo que nos enfrentaría a cuestiones legales muy difíciles de eludir. Ni hablar si dentro del auto ha quedado alguna persona, un menor, etc.

 

Entonces, si colocamos un relay para cada circuito, alimentaremos los terminales principales del relay (30) con +12V directos de batería y del (87) y (87a) obtendremos la corriente para el conector (enchufe) del trailer. La masa será conectada al cable del (-) que trajimos desde la batería. La corriente de alimentación ahora será independiente y solamente utilizaremos el circuito original para tomar señal de activación de los relays, la que será indetectable para el auto.

 

En algunos casos, puede comprarse una caja especial de relays que viene ya diseñada para estos menesteres, con las indicaciones de conexionado, en lugar de colocar un relay para cada caso (uno para marcha atrás, otro para giro a izquierda, otro para giro a derecha, etc). Habrá que comparar costos y funciones para ver qué conviene más. Todo esto se coloca en un farol trasero, donde haya suficiente espacio.

 

Entonces, recordemos: NUNCA tomar corriente de la instalación original del auto porque tiene conductores de la inyección electrónica y cableado fino. NUNCA. Dicen que más vale prevenir que curar, y en estos casos, curar, sale demasiado caro.

 

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23 comentarios sobre «HACIENDO LA INSTALACIÓN ELÉCTRICA PARA UN TRAILER»

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