La Realimentación Negativa es un proceso que utilizamos todos los días, aunque tal vez no lo sepamos. Por ejemplo, cuando hablamos por el celular. O cuando vamos manejando el auto. O cuando uno está discutiendo con su suegra…
Es un proceso (lo indica su nombre) de realimentación, es decir que lo que se obtiene en la salida se vuelve a inyectar (re-alimentación) en la entrada, pero a los fines prácticos, con signo opuesto y en menor amplitud (cantidad de señal). Por ejemplo, para entender mejor, tomemos el efecto opuesto, la Realimentación Positiva y desde allí, saquemos conclusiones.
Es el caso que muchas veces hemos visto, que alguien acerca demasiado el micrófono al parlante que emite lo que hablamos por el micrófono, y se produce un silbido agudo que todos sabemos que se conoce como “acople” o “acoplamiento”. Lo que entra por el micro sale amplificado por el parlante y vuelve a entrar al micro y se vuelve a amplificar más aún, volviendo a entrar en el micrófono hacia el amplificador y así en un ciclo que termina en saturación y fuerte silbido.
Ese acoplamiento se llama “positivo” porque todo se maneja con la misma polaridad, es decir, entra un pulso positivo y sale del parlante, nuevamente positivo pero más intenso, entrando nuevamente al micro con polaridad positiva, es decir, la misma en todos los casos.
En la Realimentación Negativa, lo que se vuelve a inyectar tiene polaridad inversa, por lo tanto no refuerza la señal ya presente sino que la disminuye y eso permite que no se amplifique y oscile produciendo el acoplamiento. Así se hace en los celulares, y uno entonces puede conectar el altavoz y a la vez hablar en el micrófono, sin que haya realimentación.
Lo mismo se aplica a los equipos de audio para que no se produzca oscilación; la oscilación es una realimentación positiva, donde la salida se acopla con la entrada, y para reducir ese efecto y mejorar la calidad, se utiliza la realimentación negativa que también, entendible por su propio nombre, se ha llamado “neutralización”.
Lo mismo sucede cuando una persona está al volante del auto; cuando el auto quiere desplazarse hacia la izquierda, la persona mueve el volante hacia la derecha y viceversa, para compensar, o sea que está haciendo una realimentación negativa para equilibrar y mantener el rumbo dentro de cirtos límites, tal como queremos mantener las señales eléctricas dentro de sus límites específicos.
También puede aplicarse a una discusión personal, por ejemplo; si una persona está enojada y yo lo increpo y le grito en la cara, por supuesto que esto es una realimentación positiva y la persona se va a enojar más aún. Lo prudente sería entonces, tomar el control de la situación y negociar, aplicando la realimentación negativa para bajar los ánimos y poder llegar a un acuerdo razonable sin que las emociones desbordadas echen todo a perder.
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