Electricidad Industrial Electrónica del Automóvil Electrónica Digital 

¿HAS ESCUCHADO HABLAR DE LOS TIRISTORES?

Publicado por: Emilio Gallardo, Director. 23 comentarios , , , ,

Estos tipos de semiconductores son de importancia capital en el mundo y ya lo están comenzando a ser en nuestro país, Argentina. Esto se debe a que son capaces de controlar potencias, es decir, manejar corrientes de alimentación de motores, maquinarias, instalaciones de luz y de calefacción, etc.

Los Tiristores son elementos formados por una pastilla de Silicio, convenientemente diseñada para contener electrodos de alta conducción de corriente y uno de control de dicha corriente, por medio del cual podemos hacer que un motor varíe sus revoluciones, o que una calefacción controle su temperatura o bien, una instalación luminosa tenga distintos estados de iluminación a voluntad de quien controla simplemente una perilla o una botonera digital.

Los Tiristores RCS y sus parientes cercanos, los Triacs, son muy utilizados en toda la industria dadas sus excelentes capacidades y precisión en el control de corrientes. Los sistemas automáticos necesitan de estos Semiconductores de Silicio para comandar cadenas de montaje y de fabricación de infinidad de productos, desde televisores hasta camiones.

Consisten de un par de terminales de potencia (llamados Terminales Principales) capaces de conducir hasta 800 Amperes de corriente (calcúlese que una casa puede consumir de 20 a 25 Amperes) que son gobernados por un terminal de compuerta llamado Gate en el cual simplemente se inyecta una señal cuando se necesita cierto grado de conducción. La forma de esta señal es la que determina cuando conduce o cuando no, y el valor de corriente permitido.

Estos Semiconductores, dado que toman una gran temperatura cuando están funcionando, deben necesariamente ser disipados, es decir, deben funcionar con accesorios (disipadores de aluminio) que les permitan enfriarse a una temperatura normal de trabajo que evite que se quemen y se dañen en forma permanente.

Es importante que entre estos semiconductores y los disipadores haya una delgada capa de grasa siliconada disipadora de calor a fin de asegurar un excelente contacto entre las superficies y con ello, una efectiva transmisión del calor hacia fuera del semiconductor. Los metales, a pesar de su superficie aparentemente lisa, poseen rayaduras y puntos más elevados que hacen que al ponerse en contacto se formen bolsas de aire aisladoras que impiden una buena transmisión del calor.

La grasa siliconada, en este caso, diseñada para una buena transmisión de temperatura, llena estos vacíos entre las superficies y así permite el 100% de evacuación de un calor de funcionamiento que dañaría de inmediato al semiconductor si no fuera evacuada apropiadamente.

Los vamos a encontrar en los gatillos de todas las máquinas herramientas de mano (taladros, caladoras, etc.) que tengan la posibilidad de variar su velocidad y su fuerza mediante el control del gatillo, eso a nivel de taller o doméstico. Los industriales tienen un tamaño muy superior y una forma totalmente distinta, generalmente circular.

Los Tiristores se diferencian de los Contactores en que éstos solamente admiten dos posiciones: conducción y no conducción, a todo o nada. Los Tiristores en cambio, son capaces de entregar corriente en forma gradual según se opere su terminal de control.

Cuando se trata de controlar corrientes continuas C.C. utilizamos los RCS, o sea, los Rectificadores Controlados de Silicio, que permiten el control de corriente pero solamente en un sentido, dado que trabajan con Corriente Continua. En el caso de controlar Corriente Alterna, será necesario utilizar los TRIACS, que funcionan del mismo modo, con un terminal de compuerta que controla la corriente, pero en este caso C.A., o sea, Corriente Alterna.

Cada vez que actuamos un control de luminosidad, por ejemplo, estamos accionado la compuerta de control de uno de estos Semiconductores; también cuando buscamos variar la velocidad de rotación de un motor como por ejemplo de una máquina herramienta (tornos electrónicos, cepilladoras, fresadoras, etc).

Y en los países más adelantados, se utilizan hoy para el control de la corriente del consumo de ciudades enteras, con el simple contacto de un dedo como se hace en las pantallas de los cajeros automáticos. En todos estos casos, hay un RCS (CC) o un TRIAC (CA) interviniendo en el proceso. No es posible concebir ninguna línea automatizada industrial que se aplique hoy, sin tener en cuenta que el control de la potencia debe ser efectuado por un Tiristor, ya sea un RCS o un TRIAC.

En los autos eléctricos, el control de la corriente de los motores que dan movimiento a cada rueda, se hace mediante Tiristores que en definitiva son comandados por el pedal del acelerador que presiona el usuario. Lo mismo sucede en las modernas soldadoras eléctricas, y en todos los equipos, ya sea de perforación para petroleras, calefacción, aire acondicionado, etc que necesitan un control permanente sobre su funcionamiento.

La descripción detallada, sus características, usos, mediciones y demás conocimientos necesarios para su aplicación están incorporadas en los programas de los Cursos de Electrónica Industrial y circuitos Monofásicos/Trifásicos que se dictan periódicamente en ALPHA y a través del CAD.

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23 comentarios sobre «¿HAS ESCUCHADO HABLAR DE LOS TIRISTORES?»

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