Electrónica del Automóvil 

¿POR QUÉ LAS LUCES DE XENÓN SON TAN DISCUTIDAS?

Publicado por: Emilio Gallardo, Director. 70 comentarios , , ,

Las lámparas antiguas de iluminación de calle en los automóviles de antes tenían un filamento de tungsteno que se encendía al circular una corriente por el mismo. Esto producía una luz amarillenta y poco efectiva para ver en la ruta, sobre todo. Con el tiempo se fue intentando mejorar este problema, lo que se fue logrando merced a nuevos diseños de proyectores.

Los proyectores son lo que antiguamente llamábamos “faros”, pero hoy en día, gracias al avance en el diseño por computadora, tienen formas muy modernas y adaptadas a las necesidades del conductor cuando viaja de noche. Esto se ha ido gradualmente modernizando y como siempre, la empresa holandesa Phillips, puntera desde 1891 en el diseño de equipos electrónicos, se ha dedicado en una de sus divisiones, a diseñar lámparas para el automóvil que en principio fueron originarios de Europa.

La variedad de lámparas que ha diseñado Philips para el auto es asombrosa, y ha sido inmediatamente aceptadas por las montadoras automotrices. Últimamente ha diseñado lámparas especiales que contienen gas Xenón y que son las discutidas por algunos que no pueden comprender su proceso ni tampoco pueden adaptarlas a sus autos.

Actualmente se están diseñando luces de LED, y ya hay quienes aseguran que encandilan al que viene de frente. Éste es un tema que debe ser analizado responsablemente por especialistas, con instrumental apropiado, porque hay puntos “oscuros” en estos sistemas de iluminación y todo el mundo de pronto se vuelve experto en el tema aunque ni sepa cómo se encienden.

Voy a describir cómo está compuesta una lámpara de gas Xenón y cómo se enciende. En la ampolla de la misma se encierra gas de Xenón, que al ser excitados sus átomos, despide un brillo muy blanco que destaca sobre los faroles habituales de los autos antiguos y de los de baja gama equipados con lámparas de filamento convencionales.

Para encender este gas Xenón y lograr que brille, es necesario una alta tensión generada por un equipo electrónico (balasto) que continene un oscilador de alta frecuencia que parte del principio del balasto electrónico del tubo fluorescente casero que podemos usar en negocios, hogares, depósitos, talleres, etc.

Si bien este oscilador es alimentado por los 12V de CC del sistema de carga del vehículo (batería, alternador, regulador de voltaje), se encarga de producir una frecuencia elevada con un alto voltaje (en el arranque de encendido puede generar de 12.000 a 20.000 V) lo que depende del estado conductivo y de la temperatura del gas interior) que producen una descarga de alta intensidad llamada HID (High Intensity Discharge) que ya ha sido diseñado para iluminación de parques y luces externas.

El bulbo que contiene dicha lámpara está hecho de cuarzo transparente especial, con agregados de metales como el Cerio para anular la luz ultravioleta que no ilumina porque nuestros ojos no la ven, pero que puede causar molestia en los ojos del conductor del auto que cruza desde enfrente.

Dentro de la lámpara se encuentran electrodos de Tungsteno separados una distancia de 4mm, y cuando la lámpara se enciende, se produce dentro de la ampolla una presión interna que puede llegar hasta unos 20 Bar (atmósferas). Entre estos electrodos se produce un arco eléctrico que excita los átomos del gas de forma que cuando éste los devuelve se transforman en Fotones (El Fotón es el equivalente en energía a la de un Electrón).

Una vez que el gas se ha encendido la tensión cae a unos 500V de mantenimiento, y lo curioso es que este sistema, aunque provee una luz mayor, disminuye su consumo cuando la lámpara está encendida siendo menor que las convencionales, con lo que prove menor consumo de energía desde el sistema de carga eléctrico del vehículo y con ello, menor consumo de combustible por lo que gradualmente están siendo adaptadas a los nuevos modelos de autos que se producen en el primer mundo.

Una lámpara común de las que utilizan los autos actualmente, típicamente de halógeno, consume aprox. 55 Vatios de potencia y produce luz con aprox. 1400 lúmenes de intensidad, mientras que estas luces HID consumen solo 35 Vatios y producen más de 2800 lúmenes.

A medida que pasa el tiempo de uso, debido al desgaste de la lámpara cada vez aumenta más la presión del gas dentro del tubo de arco debido al calor generado y es necesario suministrar un voltaje más alto para mantener el arco, lo que continúa sucediendo a lo largo de la vida útil de la lámpara.

En algún momento, con el uso, se llega al punto en que el balasto ya no puede suministrar dicho voltaje, lo que motiva que el arco falle y sin el arco la temperatura baja, lo mismo que la presión, y entonces el balasto ahora puede suministrar nuevamente el voltaje necesario para que la lámpara funcione; esto produce una intermitencia en la cual la lámpara se enciende momentáneamente y luego se apaga, lo que nos señala que debemos reemplazarla. O bien, el balasto detecta esta situación y deja de alimentar a la lámpara.

En el aspecto legal de usos de estas lámpara influye hecho de que solamente están adaptadas para los nuevos proyectores que tienen un diseño que impide que la iluminación alcance la vista del conductor que viene de frente, además de estar convenientemente reguladas por el sistema  eléctrico de regulación de faros.

En algunos casos, ciertos vehículos de moderno diseño poseen unos sensores de inclinación que modifican automáticamente la posición de los proyectores en función de la carga e inclinación del vehículo; otros traen sólo un control manual que el conductor deberá ajustar cuando lleva el vehículo cargado o no.

De todas formas, para determinar legalmente si corresponde o no la instalación los organismos de control (verificadoras, policía, municipios, etc.) deben estar provistos de los equipos certificados de fotometría capaces de establecer si existe o no riesgo de encandilamiento; no es sólo cuestión de la opinión sin ninguna autoridad de que Don Juan o Don Pedro proclamen que dicha luz los encandila.

En muchos casos, cuando vamos manejando en la ruta, otros conductores nos encandilan con sus luces fuera de control y con lámparas convencionales, lo que como todo, debería ser controlado por los puestos de tránsito y no lo es.

Recuérdese que este tipo de lámparas no pueden ser colocadas en proyectores normales que no están adaptados a ese uso, como ser el de los autos más antiguos o los de baja gama que no tienen control sobre la regulación de la altura de los faros.

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