¿QUÉ FUNCIÓN CUMPLE LA MEMORIA R.O.M. DE LA COMPUTADORA DEL AUTO?

La computadora del vehículo se suele llamar ECU (o bien UCE) en el caso de la nafta, y EDC en el caso del diesel. También a estas computadoras se las llama “Calculador” en algunos libros sobre inyección electrónica, y muchos empleados de las concesionarias usan este nombre porque así se les nombra en sus cursos oficiales.

Como toda computadora a cargo de funciones relativamente complejas, posee un microprocesador y éste sólo cumple la función de ocuparse de cálculos, ya sea de memorizar, calcular, comparar o controlar. De allí el nombre de “calculador”. Sin embargo, no puede cumplir su función si no es auxiliado por otros circuitos integrados que están encargados de otros menesteres, entre ellos, las memorias.

El término “memoria” ya nos está indicando que sirve para retener datos e informaciones. Hay una diferencia entre “datos” e “informaciones”; los “datos” son meramente magnitudes, pero sin procesar, como ser por ejemplo, la resistencia que tiene en un momento dado el sensor de temperatura del motor, supongamos 400 Ohms.

Ese dato luego deberá ser convertido a una “información”, como en este caso, la temperatura del motor, unos 85 grados centígrados, que deberán ser indicados en el tablero del auto en forma analógica o digital (no en binario) porque de otra forma el conductor no entendería de qué temperatura estamos tratando. Así, el dato de 400 ohms se ha convertido en una información de 85 grados.

En un integrado en particular, en este caso la memoria ROM, hay grabado de fábrica una indicación de que más allá de esos 85 grados, la computadora deberá encender el electroventilador para enfriar el motor, porque ésa temperatura sería límite. La ROM mantiene esa indicación de por vida; no se puede borrar ni cambiar, porque forma parte de los parámetros indicados de fábrica para el correcto funcionamiento del motor y en base a ellos es que ha sido diseñado.

En la memoria ROM hay muchos datos grabados para que la computadora de control del motor haga comparaciones y tome las decisiones necesarias para que el motor funcione sin necesidad de que el conductor se preocupe, y es más, éste ni se entera de que hay “alguien” controlando el funcionamiento de su motor.

Por ejemplo, en esta ROM estará registrado que el motor no puede superar las 5.000 RPM porque se dañaría definitivamente; por esta razón la ECU (UCE) estará en todo momento llevando el registro de las RPM del motor y haciendo comparaciones con el valor grabado como valor máximo de rotación del motor, en la memoria ROM, y si este régimen se alcanzara, entonces la ECU  tomará la decisión de cortar momentáneamente el encendido (en el motor a nafta) y la inyección de nafta a fin de que al no haber combustión, el motor necesariamente bajará las RPM a un valor seguro.

En un motor diesel cortará el suministro de combustible a los cilindros y esto hará que el motor comience a funcionar como freno (principio del freno motor) dado que no hay combustión interna y los pistones comprimen el aire y frenan la fuerza del cigüeñal.

Sin embargo, la ROM no solamente será utilizada en casos similares a lo que se menciona, sino también será requerida en caso de falla; por ejemplo, si el sensor de Oxígeno (Sonda Lambda) dejara de funcionar, indicará que hay un problema en el tablero mediante la luz testigo de inyección, y además, para no dejar sin funcionamiento al motor, la ROM suministrará al microprocesador una señal de referencia de 0,5V como si la sonda funcionara y con este valor se manejará la ECU hasta que el problema sea solucionado, reduciendo la velocidad máxima a lo necesario para llegar a un taller o al domicilio del conductor.

Este valor será adoptado como consecuencia de la ausencia del funcionamiento de la sonda y la ECU tomará referencia del mismo, registrando a su vez la falla en otra memoria, denominada R.A.M., la que se comunicará con el scanner del mecánico para que éste pueda saber qué es lo que originó el encendido de la luz de alerta en el tablero. El mecánico reemplazará la sonda por una nueva, pero la luz no se apagará porque la ECU sigue tomando referencia de la ROM, “convencida” de que la sonda no está funcionando ya que no está enterada de que ha sido reemplazada.

Al cabo de varios ciclos de encendido, al final, la ECU, en su recorrida para verificar los sensores, tomará advertencia de que el problema se ha solucionado y la luz se apagará, pero hasta ese entonces no dejará libre la velocidad, limitándola a lo mínimo necesario.

El mecánico, ahora, deberá volver a comunicarse con la ECU mediante el scanner y borrar la falla a fin de que la ECU vuelva a utilizar la sonda, apague la luz de falla (luz del Check Engine –revisar el motor-) y libere la velocidad a sus límites normales.

La memoria ROM, entonces, servirá como auxilio en casos de falla, tanto como durante el funcionamiento normal, para que la ECU tenga una referencia válida a fin de tomar decisiones. Esta memoria ROM es la que se cambia cuando se quiere que el motor tenga otros parámetros distintos de funcionamiento a los efectos de obtener su máximo rendimiento (chipeado), proceso ciertamente peligroso para la vida del motor y su duración normal. Como ejemplo, ahora, en lugar de cortar el encendido a las 5.500 RPM, puede que lo haga a las 6.000, lo que más tarde o más temprano, romperá el motor en el caso de que éste no se encuentre en las condiciones óptimas.

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77 comentarios sobre «¿QUÉ FUNCIÓN CUMPLE LA MEMORIA R.O.M. DE LA COMPUTADORA DEL AUTO?»

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